Annual Report Project-WAL MART Example

Essays on Annual Report Project-WAL MART Essay Annual Report Project- Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is operated by a Board of Directors, which consists of fifteen members, divided into five separate committees. Committees include audit, strategic planning and finance, compensation, nominating and governance, executive and global compensation. Wal-Mart’s executive committee consists of Michael Duke, who is the Chief Executive Officer and Robson Walton acts as Chairman of the Board of Directors. Christopher Williams is also Chairman of the Board of Directors and is the Chief Executive Officer of an investment bank, The Williams Capital Group L.P. Wal-Mart currently has twelve executive officers, with each presiding over a different department. Though Wal-Mart is owned by the same subsidy as Sam’s Club, Brian Cornell is the President and Chief Executive Officer. He is the only executive entirely responsible for the management of Sam’s Club. Wal-Mart’s core values represent the company’s community commitment, Wal-Mart strives to create economic opportunity, achieve environmental sustainability, promote healthy living and community involvement and develop responsible sourcing (Wal-Mart). Wal-Mart created their sustainability program in 2005 and hopes to achieve three goals; 100% supplied by renewable energy sources, create zero waste and carry products which promote sustainability of the environment and people. Wal-Mart contributes too many charities around the world and works to end world hunger needs while also providing healthier choices for consumers. Due to continuous expansion Wal-Mart’s net sales increased in 2011, 3.4%, from 2010. Net sales combined from Wal-Mart International, Wal-Mart US, and Sam’s Club reached 418 million, with 63% of sales through Wal-Mart US and the largest increase was through Wal-Mart International, partly due to currency exchange rates which increased net sales profits by 4.5 billion, while comparable stores and fuel sources overall decreased by 0.6% and 0.8% (Wal-Mart 2011 Annual Report, 2012). Operating expenses increased by 1.7% in 2011 and operating expenses remained low due to improved productivity and organizational changes that were made during 2010. 2010 operating expenses outpaced net sales due to increased health benefit charges, restructuring and increased advertising prices. Free cash flow is the amount of funds available after the payments that are required for property and equipment and cash flow generated in 2011 equaled 10.9 billion, a decrease from 2010’s cash flow which equaled 14 billion, this difference is attributed to an increase in inventory investments and was also countered by an increase in accounts payable. Free cash flow is used to fund global expansion programs and to fund operations, remaining cash flow funds dividends on stock and share repurchases. Dividends are paid to shareholders through various compensation plans (Wal-Mart 2011 Annual Report, 2012, p 38) and the combined costs of these plans totaled 371 million, 335 million and 302 million for fiscal years 2009-2011. These expenses include restricted stock and performance share awards, restricted rights and stock options. A shareholder stock incentive plan was created in 2010 and grants stock options and other awards to associates and non-directors and 210 million shares have been registered, the company believes this to be a fair compensation plan for shareholders. As a company Wal-Mart is obviously a strong investment though growth returns and gains may be slow, they will be reliable as Wal-Mart continues to gain strength in markets internationally. Wal-Mart International shows the most potential for increased growth as many of these markets are new sources of funds that the company will be able to capitalize on. References Walmart 2011 Annual Report: Helping people live better. (2012). Walmart Stores à ¢Ã‚€Â“ We save People Money so They Can Live Better. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://walmartstores.com/sites/annualreport/2011/responsibility.aspx Wal-Mart 2011 Annual Report. (2012). Wal-Mart Stores. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://walmartstores.com/sites/annualreport/2011/financials/Walmart_2011_Annual_Report.pdf

Abortion Report Essay examples - 808 Words

Abortion Report nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I have chosen for my topic Abortion. I think that it is a topic that is very important in todays society however it is often dodged or avoided. Different Presidents say different things and have different stances about it, and often it is had to know what to think about it. Basically there are two different ways of looking at it: Pro-Choice, which takes the stance of saying that it is the womans choice if she wants to have an abortion and that it is only her business. So basically they want it to remain legal. Then there is the other stance of Pro-Life which says that it should not remain legal and that it is just about as bad as cold-blooded murder. I happen to agree with this. This is†¦show more content†¦Several cases have been fought for the right to choose. Many of these have been hard cases but they stuck with it, and many people believe that that is why we have some of the rights we do today. Here are some important cases: 1. 1965 - Griswold vs. Connecticut. Upheld the right to privacy and ended the ban on birth control. Eight years later, the Supreme Court ruled the right to privacy included abortions. 2. 1973 - Roe vs. Wade. The state of Texas had outlawed abortions. The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional, bur refused to order an injunction against the state. On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court voted the right to privacy included abortions. 3. 1976 - Planned Parenthood vs. Danforth. Ruled that requiring consent by the husband and the consent from a parent if a person was under 18 was unconstitutional. This case supported a womans control over her own body and reproductive system. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To conclude about Pro-Choice I will state what Dana Pentoney has said: Abortion deals with ones private life and should have nothing to do with the government. However, abortion should not be used as a means of birth control, but if a fetus will be unwanted, it is better to be aborted than to be abused or neglected. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Now onto Pro-Life. This is whatShow MoreRelatedA Report On Behalf Of Abortion1710 Words   |  7 Pages A report on behalf of Abortion Rights has been filed against the country of Northern Ireland regarding their current laws on abortion. Abortion Rights is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) as well as a national pro-choice campaign to defend the rights of women and their access to safe, legal abortions. Abortion laws in Northern Ireland have long been considered draconian and thus creating dangerous situations for women. Currently in Northern Ireland, it is illegal to receive an abortion unlessRead MoreAbortion Report823 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Report I have chosen for my topic Abortion. I think that it is a topic that is very important in todays society however it is often dodged or avoided. Different Presidents say different things and have different stances about it, and often it is had to know what to think about it. Basically there are two different ways of looking at it: Pro-Choice, which takes the stance of saying that it is the womans choice if she wants to have an abortion and that it is only her business. SoRead MoreA Report on Anti-Abortion1466 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Abortion Abortion, by definition, is the early termination of a pregnancy through medical intervention. Opponents of abortion and supporters both have strong reasons for their perspectives and neither side is usually willing to accept the arguments of their opposition. Just as the Pro-Choice activists will site a variety of evidence types to support their position on the debate, so too Pro-Life activists wholeheartedly believe that their perspective on the subject is correct. In the UnitedRead MoreEssay on The Right to Life: Pro-Life 863 Words   |  4 Pagesall over the globe against abortion and none more prevalent that of churches all over the world. For Pro-Life activists, there is no middle ground; human life begins at the moment of conception. Terminating that life is MURDER. Abortion: Induced termination of a pregnancy with destruction of the embryo or fetus. Any of various procedures that result in the termination of a pregnancy. Also called induced abortion. (The American Heritage Medical Dictionary). Abortion: the termination of a pregnancyRead MoreAbortion And The Social Aspects Of Abortion1495 Words   |  6 Pageswomen in Australia will an abortion procedure in their life . Abortion data is only gathered by South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. However, South Australia is the only state to publish data and report findings annually. Abortion is a heavy topic which has the nation spilt into two groups; pro-life or pro-choice. Pro-life is in favour of the foetus and they believe that by killing the foetus it is equivalent to murder. Pro-choice is for abortion, as they believe that theRead MoreAbortion And The Social Aspects Of Abortion1683 Words   |  7 Pagesin Australia will have an abortion procedure in their life . Abortion data is only gathered by South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. However, South Australia is the only state to publish data and report findings annually. Abortion is a heavy topic which has the nation s pilt into two groups; pro-life or pro-choice. Pro-life is in favour of the foetus and they believe that by killing the foetus it is equivalent to murder. Pro-choice is for abortion, as they believe that theRead MoreThe Issue Of The Abortion1597 Words   |  7 Pagesissue There are about 31 abortions per 100 live births in Canada: 330,000 live births and 100,000 abortions each year. Top reasons for getting an abortion are: relationship issues, financial issues, ‘not being ready’, emotional issues, birth control failure, and genetic reasons. The abortion rate has increased each year. History of the issue Canada is currently one of few nations where no legal restrictions on aboritons exist today. It has been 143 years since abortion was first criminalized. TheRead MorePro-Life: Abortion is Unethical and Immoral Essay example1606 Words   |  7 PagesAmong the Nations leading controversy’s, the bilateral issue of abortion seems to be a popular yet, contentious debate. For several decades, abortion has been a never ending conflict that has caused a division among society. This bitter political brawling has created a pointless stalemate that has left the abortion issue unresolved. What is right and what is wrong? Should a woman be allowed to have an abortion and deprive a child from life or should she be forced to forfeit her right to make herRead MoreAbortion : Causes And Effects1738 Words   |  7 Pagesafter having an abortion. People are led to believe abortion is safe, and that it will only fix your problems rather than create more or different problems. Research may sugges t otherwise, and proposes that abortion can cause severe depression, breast cancer, and even death (Brind, 1996; Notman, 1976; Reardon, 2000). Abortion related depression can be caused for many different reasons. The three most common reasons for depression are guilt, shame, and anger. Breast cancer from abortion is believe toRead MoreAbortion And Its Effects On Health1558 Words   |  7 Pages Elective abortion is common in the United States; according to one estimate approximately 21% of pregnancies, excluding miscarriages, are aborted (Jones Jerman, 2014, p. 5). Opponents of abortion correlate it with various negative mental health outcomes for the women who choose to terminate a pregnancy. The risks claimed to be associated include depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicide. Some analyses have shown a meaningful increase in risk, and even assert that this risk can be directly

Effective Strategies for Cooperative Learning

Question: Discuss about the Effective Strategies for Cooperative Learning. Answer: Introduction: Organisational behaviour is the study about human activities and conduct in the context of business organisation. This essay discusses about an incident, happened in my workplace, few years back, when I was working as one of the team members for a project management team. Such incident hampered team dynamics, motivation and communication. Actions were taken to resolve the issues and restore the situation. There were serious conflicts in my team having twenty members assigned with different duties and responsibilities. People in the group were not cooperative and formed two separate groups within the team. This segmentation was hampering work flow, efficiency and above all, group dynamics. These two groups had opposing perceptions about each other and hence, us and them situation was very much explicit within the aforesaid team. I used to feel helpless at times especially when I observed that these groups were not thinking in line with organisational objectives and more concerned about their own personal benefits out of the organisation. Some of the outcomes I witnessed are absenteeism, lack of communication and consequently low productivity. I noticed that the primary reason of this problem was probably one team member who used to behave unprofessionally at times. He always used to make gossip and spread rumour among the team members. He had been very casual and irregular to come to office. Once, he was caught intoxicated during office hours. His last years performance appraisal was not satisfactory to him. He was warned for this unprofessional behaviour at work place. He used to make abusive language. My team leader was also not at all satisfied with his behaviour and performances. Long absenteeism and unprofessional behaviour were hampering his performances. Situation worsened when he suddenly went for long unplanned leave. It hampered the work flow as we needed to deliver a report to our client by the end of next week and we were running short of time. Everyone was working day and night to meet the deadline. In such a situation, long unplanned leave made our senior management concerned. When being contacted, the person communicated that due to some personal problems, he would not be able to come for two weeks. He confirmed that he was not i ll but facing some personal difficulty to come to office. I was informed by my other team members that this was not the first time the person took such unplanned leaves. Ultimately, one person was recruited on contractual basis. We put our utmost effort to wrap up the project and finish the assignment within the stipulated deadline. We were finally able to complete the task one day before the day on which the job was supposed to be delivered to the client. My team leader and management were happy. Management, thereafter, finally took the decision to sack the person. He was communicated via email. He, in his farewell speech, admitted that his contribution to the organisation should have been much more and he himself was not able to add any value to the business. He also confessed that it was his fault to attempt to divide the team, based on vested interest and he assured that he had learned from his mistake. My team leader wished him best of luck and we finally bade him adieu. After such incident, the team finally regained its old spirit of group dynamics. Members were motivated. Communications became fair and unambiguous and productivity increased. Motivational theories As a team member, I was observing how my team leader was trying to resolve the issues by analysing the current situation and examining the performance of team members. In the context of above mentioned scenario, importance of motivation; group dynamics and communication are discussed. Firstly, two motivational theories are enumerated. Once is Maslows need hierarchy theory and second one is Herzbergs two factor theory. In Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, there is five different level of motivation an employee feels about at a workplace. These are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self actualization needs. The physiological needs refer to the very basic need in which the most basic needs of human beings are considered such as need for biological and maintaining, shelter, food, water and physical wellbeing needs consists in physiological needs (Spinks and Wells, 1995). The other part wherein the team member can be motivated in an organization in the given case is safety needs wherein the need for security, stability in the routine life and protection is essential. When one need is satisfied, the other need arouses and team members would again try to achieve the next level of need such as social needs (Barkley et al. 2005). This includes the affection, belongingness and love in relationships which is an important element to be observed and satisfied. Team members havi ng some issues can be motivated to achieve the esteem needs where respect, recognition, self esteem, prestige and personal sense are the main needs for getting involved in the work. Self actualization needs are the last stage and team members can work better to achieve this need while this is the highest level of self fulfilment that helps to grow the abilities in the most creative manner (Punnett, 2004). This is the way how the motivation theory helps to mainly respond to the given situation and impacts the work while resolving the issues. Figure -1: Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory (Source: www.bbc.com, 2016) In the instant case, the person who was creating so much of trouble within the team probably belonged to second and third stages. He very much knew his drawbacks such as his drinking habit. He was scared of losing his jobs. He was having insecurity issues. On scrutiny of the situation, it was identified that his personal life was also disturbed. He grew up by his single mother. He is a divorcee having no child. He had always been occupied thinking his personal problems and that hampered his performance. As per Herzbergs two factor theory, there are two factors such as motivators and hygiene factors which motivates people in an organisation. The motivator factors are achievement, growth, responsibility, recognition, advancement and work. These factors help team members to perform well at the workplace without disputing and making conflicts. When these are satisfied by the company, team members would work well and focus on the desired goals by agreeing to what is correct. On the other hand, hygiene factors are those dissatisfying factors which make employees feel unhappy with the working conditions and these include company policy, relationship with supervisor, work conditions, salary and security and health factors. Figure -2: Herzbergs Two Factor Theory (Source: www.bbc.com, 2016) In the given case, the aforesaid team member was not getting recognition as he was not doing something which needed such. He adversely affected team dynamics and hence his scope of career advancement was lower. Secondly, he divided the entire team and his relationship with his team leader was also not satisfactory. Group dynamics Group dynamics is the force that helps to operate the groups and affects in a manner so that group performance is increased while it assists in increasing group members satisfaction (Spinks and Wells, 1995). As per Tuckmans team development model, stages of group development include the forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. Forming is initial stage with uncertainty, conflict and confusion. Brain storming stage assimilates disparities and disagreements of team members. Chaos is finally settled down in norming stage. Team starts performing once all the conflicts are reduced to an acceptable range and members get devoted and motivated for accomplishment of the task given. However, group comes to an end in the adjourning stage. It is needless to mention that not all groups undergo adjourning as some groups are relatively permanent. Groups may be of various types such as task groups, command groups and functional groups. Task groups are formed to complete the given task for the accomplishment of which the groups are formed. Command groups are, on the other hand, are relatively stable and do not come to an end. These groups supervise the subordinates. Functional group is simil ar to task group with the exception that this group if formed for an unspecified period of time to provide specific functional services. Various HR models, till date, have identified that the emergent behaviours and the required behaviours are two primary factors to be considered to analyse team dynamics (Soucy and Larose, 2000). The required behaviours include contribution for continuous affiliation and the team support that is requested from the group members. Emergent behaviours include the formal and informal behaviour of the team members. Theories on group dynamics suggest that group norms, roles and emotions should be analysed in a group context to identify the issues, if any and also to set the standard behaviour expected from a member to display at the workplace. Roles are one of the important factors in behaviours (Peled, 2000). Conflicts created due to different perceptions make the emotions and spirits of a group turbulent and unstable. It has been identified that cohesive group performs better. The figure below shows the mutual relationship between group cohesiveness and group productivity. It is needless to mention that higher the unity and cohesiveness; higher the efficiency and productivity. Cohesiveness Performance High Productivity Moderate Productivity Low Productivity Moderate to Low Productivity Figure -3: Relationship between group cohesiveness and group productivity (Source: Created by author) In the instant case, the sacked team member posed serious concern for the team dynamics. He diluted the very basic purpose of team development which is unity and efficiency. His behaviours affected the teams productivity and hence business got suffered. He vitiated the justification of group formation. He impacted the group dynamics adversely. He did not provide direct coaching to anyone, rather always tried to mend the way of doing things in his favour. He obstructed intra group dynamics and consequently communication process and motivation of the team members. Communication Communication refers to the process of exchange of information which helps the team members to understand the goals of an organization. It works well when there are unsaid disputes and said conflicts in the group. Communication assists in achieving future goals of the organisation within stipulated time (Leider, 1955). Interpersonal communication can be improved by focussing on various sub elements of communication process such as source of information, encoding the message, transmission of the message, channels, receiving the message, decoding the message, feedback and noise. There are two or more parties in a communication process, namely, sender and receiver (Beebe and Masterson, 2003). In the case where the team members do not agree on a particular decision, it is essential to communicate with them in a formal manner and explain them the importance of group dynamics while encoding the objectives of the project implementation and the strategies used with the help of this method. E fficient communication minimises the cost and enhances the group productivity (Keyser, 2000). In this context, communication channel may be discussed to understand the channel richness and how the information flows between parties. Communication channels are both formal and informal. It is important for an organisation to set up proper communication channel within the organisation and off course within various teams or groups within such organisation. Channel richness refers to the volume of information that is transmitted or passed through those channels. More the information passed; richer the channel. Important mails and video conferencing are effective communication channels. However, live speech contains high level channel richness. It is imperative for the success of business that organisation adheres the basic rules of communication and follow such protocol throughout. Grapevine is considered to be a negative element in communication channel and hence, should be avoided. Face to face communication is better when it comes to live speeches, video conference and group discussions. It can be switched from routine to non routine while achieving the basic purpose of a particular type of conversation (Cicmil, 1999). At times, people feel barriers in communication such as physical distractions, technical issues and sometimes cultural differences. Semantic noise can be a barrier which is called noise for instance. Lack of feedback while receiving the message from a source can be a distraction and consequently a barrier in communication. Close mindedness as such with the preconceived ideas can be a major distraction (Felder and Brent, 2001). This arises in a conflict situation and was observed in this situation where team members had different perceptions. In the instant case, communication within the team got seriously affected by the behaviour and activities of the sacked person. He circulated noises among the team members. Two way communications with him had never been fruitful. His close mindedness and preconceived ideas dampened the team morale. Recommendations Rationale 1. On motivation front: People in the group could be communicated about the proposed performance appraisal system, starting from next month, whereby, great work would be appreciated and hard work would be recognised. People in the organisation might feel that their hard work are not recognised and so they feel de-motivated. If their effort is acknowledged with gift or thank you note as a token of appreciation, it would be a good motivator for them (Al-Mashaan, 2001). 2. On group dynamics front: Functioning of the group might be effectively enhanced by introducing proper team hierarchy and appointing a team supervisor and a team manager. Team supervisor will act under existing team leader and team manager will be the ultimate authority of decision maker of the group. Existing structure of one team leader might be dicey for the effectiveness of the group as personal bias and sense of autocracy might creep in such scenario. Moreover, control mechanism and supervision make the leadership stable and help the group to perform better and efficiently. 3. On communication front: Communication could be made better by implementing and adhering to proper communication protocol. Training on soft skills and communications could be held on regular basis to reduce the chance of improper communication due to lack of knowledge of the team members. Existing communication process might be risky for the effective and efficient functioning of the group. Gossip and rumour are very frequent in the instant team, In such case, establishment of proper communication channel through frequent team meeting, review and feedback mechanism and one to one session would contribute significantly to success of the team. References Al-Mashaan, O.S. 2001 Job stress and Job Satisfaction and their Relation to Neuroticism, type a behavior, and locus of control among Kuwaiti Personnel, Psychological Reports, Vol. 88, No.3, p. 1145. Barkley, E. F., Cross, K. P., and Major, C. H. 2005. Collaborative learning techniques: A handbook for college faculty. San Francisco; Jossey-Bass Publishers Beebe, S. A., and Masterson, J. T. 2003. Communicating in small groups. Pearson Education Inc. Boston: Massachusetts Business studies 2016Business studies motivation theories. Available at: https://businessstudiesmotivation.weebly.com (Accessed: 21 December 2016) Cicmil, S. 1999 An insight into management of organizational changes projects, Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 11, No.1, pp. 515. Felder, R.M. and Brent, R. 2001. Effective strategies for cooperative learning. Journal of Cooperation and Collaboration in College Teaching, vol. 10, no. 2, 6975. Keyser, M.W. (2000) Active learning and cooperative learning: Understanding the difference and using both styles effectively, Research Strategies, Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 3544. Khana, M. A., and Afzalb, H. 2011. High level of education builds up strong relationship between organizational culture and organization performance in Pakistan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 22, no. 7, 1387-1400. Kowske, B. J., and Anthony, K. 2007. Towards defining leadership competence around the world: What mid-level managers need to know in twelve countries. Human Resource Development International, vol. 10, no.1, 21-41. Leider, H.J. (1955) Intrathoracic Alimentary duplications communicating with small intestine, Archives of Surgery, Vol. 71, No. 2, p. 230. Peled, A. (2000) Politicking for success: The missing skill, Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 2029. Punnett, B. J. 2004. International perspectives on organizational behavior and human resource management. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Soucy, N. and Larose, S. (2000) Attachment and control in family and mentoring contexts as determinants of adolescent adjustment at college, Journal of Family Psychology, Vol. 14, No.1, pp. 125143. Spinks, N. and Wells, B. (1995) Communicating with groups, Executive Development, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 1319.

Mammogram Is A Radiograph Of The Breast Tissue Health Essay Essay Example

Mammogram Is A Radiograph Of The Breast Tissue Health Essay Essay The definition of a mammogram is a radiogram of the chest tissue ( refer to the attached transcript of a mammogram ) . It is an effectual non-invasive agencies of analyzing the chest, normally seeking for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer is non preventable, but early sensing leads to a much higher opportunity of recovery and lowers the mortality rate from this disease. Breast tissue composing varies with age and endocrine degrees in a adult female. Generally, a younger adult female has denser or fibro-glandular chests. Her mammogram will look really white or cloudy ( Figure 8-dense chest ) and the middle-aged adult females have a mixture of hempen and glandular tissues ( Figure 8-50-50 chest ) . Their mammograms look black and white. In a mature chest, most of the hempen tissue is replaced with fatty tissue. The mammograms tend to look black or grey. Mammography Procedure We will write a custom essay sample on Mammogram Is A Radiograph Of The Breast Tissue Health Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mammogram Is A Radiograph Of The Breast Tissue Health Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mammogram Is A Radiograph Of The Breast Tissue Health Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The adult female is escorted to the changing room, where she undresses from the waist up and alterations into the showing centre gowns. She is asked to pass over off any deodourants, aromas or pulverizations that she may hold used that twenty-four hours, as these can mime micro calcifications on the movie. She is taken into the mammography room, where the mammographer or technologist reappraisals her history sheet. The history sheet has inquiries refering to the adult female s old mammograms, anterior surgeries ( if any ) , if she felt any balls, superficial Markss ( such as outstanding moles, cicatrixs from an scratch ) , household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, figure of kids, her age when the first kid was born, and last day of the month of menses or post-menopausal ( Addendum 2 ) . Then, the mammography process is explained. This opens communicating channels and the adult female feels free to voice her concerns, therefore increasing her comfort degree. It is of im port to fix the adult female for the compaction that would be used for imaging. This device causes uncomfortableness, but should non ache the adult female. A Compression Paddle, ( see Figure 6 and Figure 7 ) is a device used to compact the chest tissue. This helps to distribute out and separate chest tissue, enabling the Radiologist to acquire an unobscured position of possible pathology. Compression besides lowers patient radiation dosage and prevents patient gesture. The needed positions are performed and the adult female is dismissed with instructions that she might experience sore for a twenty-four hours or so from the compaction. Besides that, the mammography equipment has progressed quickly over the last 10 old ages. In developed states, a dedicated mammography unit is used. A whole scope of makers make these machines, for illustration the GE, Bennett, Lorad, Siemens, Fischer, Phillips. They by and large have a reciprocating grid to cut down scatter radiation therefore avoidin g fog and bleary image. The Filter ( to do the beam hard and more penetrable ) used, is 0.03 millimeter Molybdenum. Film Processing is done under specific conditions. The two ways to develop an open movie are foremost Standard Processing and secondly is Drawn-out Processing. The pick depends on the type of movie used. The technique used for a mammogram is low Kilo-voltage Peak ( KvP ) about 24 to 30. The milli-Ampere-seconds ( ma ) vary depending on chest tissue denseness. When the exposure timer cells are used, it provides the optimal ma for the tissue to be imaged. This technique consequences in mammograms with a high movie contrast, doing it easier for the Radiologist to read. Besides that, the Films used for mammography are individual emulsion fast movies to heighten image acuteness by extinguishing geometric deformation. Films normally used are the Kodak Min- RE, Agfa, Fuji, Dupont, and Konica. Then, the screens consist of a rare Earth phosphor called Tb activated Gd oxysulfide . Screens have to be compatible with the movie. The newest film-screen combination is responsible for dose decrease by 30 50 % . The markers are used to bespeak the side and position demonstrated on that peculiar movie. Markers are placed on the side of the armpit ( armpit ) of the patient. This acts as a mention point to understand the orientation of the chest, particularly in the CC position. Screening Mammograms These positions are done as a regular showing procedure to acquire an overall image of the chests and guarantee that all is good. The protocol depends on the specific installation. In America, four movies are required of the chests: two positions for each chest. In Europe, most states do one position ( MLO ) of each chest and if an country of intuition is notice, so 15 % of the times, extra CC positions are taken. Screening for chest malignant neoplastic disease referred to a survey to look into chest persons who did non demo a clear indicant of which symptoms. This was done to place if there are marks emerging in the early phases of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Such actions at the beginning will let medical practicians to stunt the outgrowth of the possibility of chest malignant neoplastic disease at the degree that can harm patients. There are assorted methods of chest imagination, such as the Mammography X ray movie, the ultrasound, the magnetic resonance imagination ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) , the radionuclide scanning ( Radionuclide scans ) , A the xeromamografi ( Xeromammography ) , the computed Tomography ( Computed Tomography ) , the thermography ( Thermography ) , the transilluminasi ( Transillumination ) and the elektropotensi ( Electropotentials ) ( for the debut of mush / for tangible lesions ) . New method is computer-based digital mammography and ultrasound 3-D. Despite the find of assuring new engineerings to place possible chest malignant neoplastic disease more efficaciously, but until now there has non truly proven to equal the traditional methods used in the concern. This is apparent from the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) and National Research Council of the National Academies of America reported in a March 2001 study that the method of movie mammography is still the gilded criterion in plac ing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Now it s up to digest the new engineering is the challenge to turn out their methods is superior. Harmonizing to the U.S. Preventive Task Force in the latest recommendations issued in 2002, persons who reach their 40s adult females are advised to acquire mammograms every twelvemonth or two old ages. Mammography is non needfully 100 % accurate. It can merely be detected merely 85 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Accuracy decreased when chest tissue becomes more heavy. Small malignant neoplastic diseases can be hidden by heavy tissue can non be seen in a mammogram. Womans who have dense chests that contain milk secretory organs inordinate compared with fat tissue. Menopausal adult females given endocrine therapy besides had a dense chest tissue. The denseness of the chest secretory organ has nil to make with the size, form and visual aspect of the chest. Womans who do non hold a batch of fatty tissue ( which has a dense chest ) may profi t from an ultrasound scrutiny in add-on to a mammogram. Now, a new method utilizing high frequence ultrasound has been reported to observe little tumours or calcification in the chest. However, it can non be recommended as the primary tool for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease. This is because ultrasound can non demo the overall characteristics of the chest tissue, can non observe little calcification in the malignant neoplastic disease, and it is extremely dependent on the ability to steer the machine. Mammography continues to be first pick for testing for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Combination of mammography and ultrasound will turn out to be of import to increase the sensitiveness in observing malignant neoplastic disease in heavy chests. The survey is still ongoing on the benefits, hazards, costs, and long-run effects on the life of person who undergo testing utilizing ultrasound entirely. At present it is excessively early to pull decisions about the ultrasound scrutiny without mammography, including the dense chest. Are mammograms painful? While mammography is, the chest tissue is compressed for a minute and feeling sick. The compaction procedure allows mammography performed with low radiation dosage and besides allows the chest tissue more clearly seeable. The compaction procedure is merely brief and acceptable to many patients. Many adult females think the hurting is non as expected. Trouble depends on the person. Anxiety and fright of adding farther hurting. Lack of treatment between the translator and the patient s mammography will besides add a feeling of hurting. Feelingss of uncomfortableness during mammography is little compared with the hurting during childbearing but the hurting during childbearing is acceptable because the exhilaration and accept parentage. Pain during mammography may salvage your life. Mammography equipment now have a modern design of the sensing procedure with optimum compaction. Most of them have detectors that will halt the compaction of the compaction procedure every bit shortly as bran d exposure. If you go acquire a mammogram with an unfastened head, it would non be a acrimonious experience for you. Is pattern a positive attitude and you will get the better of the fright to undergo mammography showing. Mammogram is non harmful. It is wise for us to cognize about the dangers of radiation, but we may non cognize about our didedahi radiation. We are exposed to radiation from outer infinite, the environment, little sums of nutrient, by exposure at work, out of fuel and medical scrutiny. However, intelligence on the radiation does non intend you are afraid of radiation. Furthermore, we frequently forget we are ever confronting menaces, such as traversing the route without utilizing prosaic Bridgess or we are still smoking coffin nails despite the apparent relation to lung malignant neoplastic disease. A mammogram the same as soaking up the Sun for 2 hours or 2 hebdomads of exposure to the radiation environment Mammogram centre has a staff of skilled and specialised mo dern equipment for mammograms. The combination of high engineering and accomplishments to bring forth high-quality mammograms with low radiation dosage exposure. A mammogram with hazard same with the air trip every bit far as 70 stat mis, the driving 10 stat mis, the suctions 1 / 8 sticks and 3minute live at the age of 60 old ages. Smoke is more unsafe than because a mammogram is a mammogram one time a twelvemonth than smoking that 365 yearss a twelvemonth. Cancer hazard of 1 decease per twelvemonth in each of the 6,000,000 adult females who are making mammograms for 10 old ages. It is identified after 10 old ages as the effects of malignant neoplastic disease may non originate for at least 10 after exposure.The warning are with the tools now, radiation dosage is minimum. Cancer is non detected early is more unsafe than pendehadan low radiation doses. The chief mammographies are non all malignant neoplastic diseases form a ball and non all malignant neoplastic diseases can be detected by physical scrutiny or touch except when it becomes big plenty. There are types of malignant neoplastic disease that can merely be felt after one or two old ages at the rate of growing of the malignant neoplastic disease. Although mammograms are non one hundred per centum accurate, it can be detect lesions ( lesions ) in the early phases, detect lesions that can non be felt by manus, detect lesions before they can be felt by manus. Provide of import information about chest balls or alterations are detected by you or your physician. Mammograms are performed should be compared with a old mammogram to obtain new information that helps radiotherapists to observe little alterations caused by malignant neoplastic disease. Mammograms are done on a regular footing to supply a better chance to place malignant neoplastic disease at an early phase when compare d with the mammogram is done merely on occasion. Differences between diagnostic and testing mammograms should be identified in progress by the patients and medical practicians who carry on their intervention. This is because the single adult females who are diagnostic or at high hazard require different methods of experimental probe against the single adult females who undergo a showing mammogram. Although there is no specific hours to undergo mammography terutamnya if symptoms such as clinical marks are foremost observed ( Internet Explorer, when sick persons show symptoms such as balls, inspissating of tegument, the consequence of pregnant chads on the tegument ) . Such state of affairss require a diagnostic mammogram should be done every bit shortly as possible. Furthermore, if suspected sick persons face malignant neoplastic disease, it is better to undergo the scrutiny every bit shortly as possible. Mammography mammography showing or scanning is for an single adult female who did non demo a clear indicant that symptom will penghidapan disease. Typically, a sum of 4 show scan will be performed on persons who undergo chest scans are. However, to acquire satisfaction and certainty, at times several extra methods will be used to track any unnatural marks. If the method of scanning a whole demands to be done, so the facet of whether it is necessary or worth the cost in footings of ever acquiring the attending. However, for those aged more than 50 old ages old or between 40-49 old ages, it was considered worthwhile, and non relied on the cost facet. However, this issue continues to be controversial and will be farther discussed in the subdivision entitled. Everyday scanning for adult females aged less than 40 old ages are by and large non recommended for chest glandular tissue denseness is higher at this age is likely to forestall the show of the tumour ( ie non seeable ) and active in the chest tissue is likely sensitive to the effects of radiation. Although there was no finding of the highest age to undergo mammography scans, but something that must be remembered that the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease. To undergo mammography processs are simple, you need non travel hungry or empty tummy before undergoing mammography. In footings of appropriate vesture to have on, it is best if you wear apparels based on two sheets ( 2-piece outfit ) as bloomerss with a blouse. Although there are no compulsory frock processs to follow, but be certain to take vesture that easy removed, particularly in the chest. Avoid the usage of pulverization, aroma, deodourant on one side of your organic structure and besides in the axilla. This will ensue in belaying on your mammogram ; it would hold an impact on the reading of the consequences of your mammogram scans by radiotherapists. If you experience pain in the chest, particularly during menses, so you can schedule a mammography scan once more after the terminal of your period. This is because during the catamenial experience, chests are in a less soft or tense and more sensitive. For those who had undergone scans a mammogram before, so it is best to take it with you. This will enable radiotherapists to do a comparing with the old mammogram consequences and place any unnatural development. The ability to do comparings and research will surely assist them do more accurate studies. Make certain you do non take or extinguish the long-mammogram. The mammogram is the consequence of the study is really of import to your wellness. If you have a mammogram, make certain the old mammograms taken together, it decidedly will assist radiotherapists to compare and reexamine the probe if there is an unnatural growing, peculiarly in the countries of intuition and invite possibly tumour or malignant neoplastic disease. Do non bury, the advantage of mammography is the sensing of chest malignant neoplastic disease before you feel or see any symptoms. The procedure of imaging X ray of the chest. And you surely have heard another term associated with the mammogram mammography. Is really a movie mammogram x-ray images. To implement the imagination / scanning, a device called a mammography machine used. Look at the images that show the machine. These machines normally you will happen the visit to undergo testing mammography. In Malaysia, the undertaking of making mammography managed and supervised by a trained female radiographer mammography. Methods and processs performed during the mammography scrutiny is simple. First, you will be dismantling dressing from the waist. This is to let the undertaking to look into your chest. Scaning for the intent of this reappraisal will usually be taken from two waies. Both the scan to be performed is from the top and sides of that border. You will so be positioned by the operator of mammography at the appropriate place and comfy to scan the chest showing. Then, you ll be pressed to obtain the comp action ; the end is to flatten the tissue exhaustively. This is to ease the procedure of placing any abnormalcies with a low degree of radiation. While executing this undertaking, the operator and the supervisor in charge of adult females will make with attention and cautiousness. They hate to seek to do certain you do non see uncomfortableness when undergoing the procedure of testing mammography. To obtain a high degree of quality showing, the demand to make the place of the chest is compressed and over is of import. You need non experience dying or worried about this state of affairs. This can do you to experience non so comfy but the execution of this compaction is merely an blink of an eye. If the filter engine is of a modern and sophisticated, the place of your chests are compressed and depressed will be released every bit shortly as the scan completed. While mammography scans are taken, the supervisor will ever be with you and make non necessitate them to remain out of the roo m. In fact, they will run the machines that press the mammography machine to take a scan. Almost the bulk of adult females are frequently harassed by a misinterpretation of the term hurting is pressed and when the chest is compressed. A more appropriate term to utilize when the chest is compressed is some uncomfortableness. However, it is something that is subjective and each person has different perceptual experiences about the experience. However, to do certain your showing is in a comfy state of affairs, you should esteem and bipartisan communicating with mammography operators to enable them to custom-make the scanning of the fortunes and needs your clip. It is really of import for you to undergo a showing procedure to guarantee the best possible manner. Positive mentality will bring forth more than happy to go through review. Remember, testing mammography is able to salvage your life. If benefits are taken into history, what is painful chest is non compressed until some clip! If you have a catamenial period, so it is best if you schedule the day of the month for testing mammography performed after dry periods. This is to avoid experiencing uncomfortableness in your chests. Some adult females are really concerned to undergo testing mammography if they had undergone intervention of chest implants. They are dying and worried that the alleged showing mammograms will do harm to breast implants. This impression is non true, needs to undergo a showing mammogram is dependent on medical advice. It will besides take into considerations whether the implants are made that are portion of Reconstruction surgical intervention for chest malignant neoplastic disease. In states where there is some art groups of people who participate in the showing mammogram, those who had undergone chest implant procedure are besides advised to undergo a showing mammogram, particularly if they are of the age group at hazard. The United States is an illustration of states that adopt such an attack. Before making mammography showing, the adult females who underwent mammograms must inform the operator of mammography testing before get downing work on the being of silicone in chest implant s. This is because its presence would forestall a clear position of tissues that protect the silicone implant behind. This is more marked if the Si had placed the bows alternatively of the chest wall musculuss in the dorsum. If notified in progress of this state of affairs, the operator of mammography and an experient radiotherapist to guarantee that the focal point be more careful and be given to guaranting silicone implants have non broken or damaged. Besides, different techniques will besides be implemented, such as infixing an implant behind the chest tissue and exciting place frontward. This is to ease attempts to place any unusual fortunes in the chest tissue. When there is a consequence tissue ( scar tissue ) around the implants or silicone from implants has melted into the tissue, it will be hard for concerns to place abnormalcies in your chest in a mammogram. Accuracy or the ability to happen abnormalcies in the mammogram is non so satisfactory as to the chest in a natur al. Implants will besides fell portion of the chest tissue, depending on the size of the implant compared with the size of your chests. Therefore, although the implants are non unsafe to your wellness, it will cut down the truth of mammograms to observe marks of malignant neoplastic disease. If your mammogram is unnatural is found during the initial scrutiny, farther probe is needed to find its true or non. If this is true upset, a biopsy scrutiny is recommended for verification. ( A biopsy is an probe in which some chest tissue will be taken for laboratory surveies. ) Examination of the biopsy can be performed utilizing a all right acerate leaf ( needle biopsy ) or by taking a subdivision of tissue ( nucleus biopsy ) . You do non hold to remain in the infirmary for scrutiny of a biopsy may be performed as outpatient processs. It was done at room mammography or ultrasound in the room. This cheque requires no particular readying, and you can return place after undergoing a biopsy scrutiny. A concluding diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease can merely be made by taking a sample of tissue from the breast country of aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹a coagulum can be detected. This is known as a biopsy. In the instance of a ball can be felt clearly, so surgical biopsy performed.